The Mental Health Parity Act: 10 Years Later
November 15, 2018
This October 3 marked the ten-year anniversary of an important milestone in US behavioral healthcare. On that day a decade ago, the Paul Wellstone and Pete Domenici Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008 (MHPAEA) became law. Since taking effect on January 1, 2010, MHPAEA requires most group health plans that cover physical and mental health to provide parity between them: the same level of coverage for behavioral (mental health and substance use disorder) services as for medical and surgical services.
Prior to the MHPAEA, behavioral healthcare was often covered at lower levels than non-behavioral care, with higher financial requirements (such as copays, coinsurance and deductibles) and more stringent treatment limitations (such as number of visits and inpatient days). Under the MHPAEA, financial requirements and treatment limitations must be the same for both behavioral and non-behavioral care.
Originally, the MHPAEA applied only to larger employer-sponsored group health plans. But in 2010, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) extended its requirements to new small group and individual plans. The ACA also required that most such plans cover a set of essential health benefits that include mental health and substance use disorder services. The MHPAEA did not require that plans cover behavioral health—only that if they did, they should cover it the same way they cover non-behavioral health. The ACA took the further step of making behavioral health an essential health benefit.
Since MHPAEA was enacted, several studies have shown evidence that access to behavioral healthcare has increased. One study, for example, found greater increases in costs and utilization for behavioral services compared to non-behavioral services from 2008 to 2013. Another found that patients with a diagnosis of depression who visited their primary care physician were more likely to be provided treatment after the MHPAEA.
Drawing on our database of billions of private healthcare claims—the largest in the country—our organization has conducted our own analyses of behavioral healthcare trends since the MHPAEA became law. While we are not able to say with certainty what effect the law had on these trends, our findings open up avenues for further research into the causes.
Utilization
Private insurance claim lines for behavioral health diagnoses increased 320 percent from 2007 to 2017. The largest increase (202 percent) occurred from 2010, when the MHPAEA took effect, to 2011. Thereafter, growth was less sharp. This pattern is similar to that found in a study of cost and utilization changes in Alabama related to the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP), which, since 2009, also has been subject to the MHPAEA. There, the authors found that cost and use increases from 2009 to 2011 suggested pent-up need for behavioral health services, resulting in a temporary spike that then subsided.
Cost
To identify changes in costs, we developed the Behavioral Health Index, an index of billed charges for behavioral health codes such as CPT®1 90837, a 60-minute psychotherapy visit. From November 1, 2013, to May 1, 2018, the Behavioral Health Index increased 11 percent, from 1.00 to 1.11. As a point of reference, our professional-based evaluation and management (E&M) index, which includes codes such as CPT 99213, a 15-minute office visit for an established patient, had a notably higher increase, 22 percent, during a similar length of time (May 1, 2012, to May 1, 2017).
Most Common Diagnoses
Claim lines for the most frequently diagnosed behavioral health categories all increased from 2007 to 2017, but at different rates. Among the eight most common diagnostic categories not related to substance use, claim lines associated with anxiety increased the most—242 percent. Close behind were post-traumatic stress disorder, at 177 percent, and major depressive disorder, at 172 percent.
Claim lines for bipolar disorder increased 103 percent during this period. Claim lines with diagnoses of adjustment disorders, including those with anxiety and depression, increased, on average, 65 percent. Obsessive-compulsive disorder also increased 65 percent.
Unlike claim lines for the diagnostic categories above, claim lines for substance use, abuse and dependence decreased in number from 2016 to 2017. In fact, claim lines related to treatment for use of some drugs, such as opioids and cannabis, began to fall before that, from 2015 to 2016. Even with that decline, claim lines for all substance use, abuse and dependence diagnoses increased from 2007 to 2017.
During that period, the increase in claim lines for amphetamine use was particularly high, at 3,157 percent. Claim lines associated with barbiturate use diagnoses increased 2,233 percent, and those with hallucinogen use diagnoses 2,055 percent. Claim lines for cannabis use grew 585 percent.
The decade since enactment of the MHPAEA has been one of significant change for patients accessing behavioral healthcare. We will continue to study this vital field of healthcare and assist policy makers, researchers and others in understanding it.
1. CPT © 2017 American Medical Association (AMA). All rights reserved.